UL tests transitional attack for house fires

Excerpts from the ChicagoTribune.com: On March 18, around 100 firefighters from the U.S. and Canada gathered at Underwriters Laboratories in Northbrook to explore new and safer strategies for tackling residential fires. The event focused on a method known as "transitional attack," which involves attacking a fire from the outside before moving inside. This technique is still debated among many fire departments due to its reliance on exterior firefighting. Steve Kerber, director of UL’s Firefighter Safety Research Institute, explained that traditional methods often involve immediately entering a burning building with hoses and aggressively attacking the fire room by room. However, this approach can sometimes push flames deeper into the structure or cause superheated steam to endanger occupants. The transitional method, demonstrated in a test house equipped with hundreds of sensors, aims to reduce risk by first attacking through windows. During the demonstration, a team of UL-hired firefighters targeted two separate rooms with flames extending from the windows. They sprayed water upward instead of horizontally to prevent spreading the fire, then used a circular pattern to minimize air intake. In just 15 seconds, the flames were extinguished, and temperatures dropped from 1,800°F to 250°F. When firefighters entered to check for remaining embers, they found only a small spot on a chair. Despite these promising results, the method has limitations. Northbrook firefighter Lt. Ryan Lee pointed out that if windows are closed, breaking them could introduce more oxygen and worsen the fire. Kerber emphasized that the goal of the study isn’t to dictate how firefighters should act, but to provide more options. The research, funded by a $3.5 million grant from the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, will conclude with a report next year. Another key benefit of the transitional attack is reducing the time firefighters spend inside a burning structure, which significantly improves their safety. One of the observers was Lionel Crowther, a senior firefighter from Winnipeg, who survived a severe burn injury in 2007 after losing two colleagues in the same fire. This study marks the first time the transitional attack method has been tested with such extensive data collection, including real-time effects on human skin. Researchers at the University of Illinois Fire Service Institute are using pig carcasses and rats to simulate heat exposure during the process. Gavin Horn, the institute’s research director, noted that the idea that water spray dramatically increases steaming effects is a myth. “We’ve been surprised by how much moisture is already present from the fire itself,” he said. The demonstration included eight cameras capturing footage inside and outside the test house. A fire was started with a dropped match and allowed to burn for several minutes before the firefighters were called in. Kerber mentioned that flashover—when everything in a room ignites—typically occurs within four minutes. Fire Chief Brad Shull from Ohio’s Jefferson Twp. department pointed out that many departments don’t arrive until seven minutes have passed, meaning they’re often responding too late. While the transitional method helps control oxygen levels, some critics argue it doesn’t fully reflect real-world scenarios in American suburbs, where larger homes with more open spaces may require interior attacks. Ultimately, Kerber stressed that the best way to prevent a fire from spreading is for residents to close doors when they leave the house. This simple action can significantly limit the amount of oxygen feeding the fire.

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